"Visualizing the Rhythms of Performance"

Figure 3.2 Graphs of human and computer-generated performance expression

(a) Timing in an excerpt from Haydn's Sonata in E-flat Major, Hob. XVI/49 (Todd, "A Computational Model of Rubato")

(b) Loudness in an excerpt from Chopin's Prelude in F-sharp Minor, op. 28, no. 8 (Todd, "The Dynamics of Dynamics")